How Does Steinbeck Present Of Mice And Men - 1644 Words

How Does Steinbeck Present Curley’s Wife in Of Mice And Men? Of Mice and Men is a morale motivated novel that allows Steinbeck to voice his opinion about the hardships and issues of the 1930’s and the Great Depression. One of the main issues Steinbeck explores in great detail is sexism and the character that is used to channel the attitude towards women most is Curley’s Wife, the only female to appear in person in the entire novella. However, his representation of this character and how she compares to other females mentioned may give a false and unfair representation of women during the era. During the 1930’s it seems that women were expected to behave in a certain manner or portray themselves in a certain way by conforming to stereotypes. According to Steinbeck in this novella, there seem to be three main types of women in the 1930’s: a feminine woman (like the girl in Weed); a motherly woman (like Aunt Clara) and a wanton woman (Suzy from the whore house). As Curley’s wife was rejected from a more femini ne lifestyle after never receiving a letter from a man who promised her stardom, it’s possible that she decided to try a more motherly mind set by marrying Curley. However, it soon becomes clear that she is not the mothering type when she insults the workers by saying that they’re â€Å"a bunch of bindle stiffs, a n***** an’ a dum-dum and a lousy ol’ sheep†. By declaring this, Steinbeck’s portrayal of Curley’s wife changes from a flirt or a â€Å"tart† who is unsatisfied withShow MoreRelatedHow Does John Steinbeck Present Crooks in of Mice and Men Essay810 Words   |  4 PagesHow does John Steinbeck present the character of Crooks? In the novel Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck, the author, uses the character of Crooks to represent racism and symbolize the marginalization of the black community occurring at the time in which the novel is set. Crooks is significant as he provides an insight into the reality of the American Dream and the feelings of all the ranchers: their loneliness and need for company and human interaction. Crooks got his name from his crookedRead MoreHow Does John Steinbeck Present the Theme of Violence in Of Mice and Men?1277 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿How does Steinbeck present the theme of violence in ‘Of Mice and Men’? John Steinbeck’s short novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ presents the desolate nature of 1930s America, in particular Soledad, close to where Steinbeck himself grew up and worked during this time. Notably, Steinbeck focuses on the life of migrant workers who were forced to travel from ranch to ranch in search of work as a result of the simultaneous occurring disasters ‘The Great Depression’ and ‘The Dustbowl’. Due to the economic crisisRead MoreHow Does Steinbeck Present The Bunkhouse And Its Inhabitants in Of Mice and Men?795 Words   |  3 PagesFirstly, Steinbeck presents the inhabitants of the bunkhouse to be trapped. The bunkhouse is described as â€Å"a long rectangular building† It is seen as a jail-like place where the occupants of the ranch are trapped in; this symbolises that all hope is near to gone. It is also as if the migrant workers are trapped from their dreams and they have no place to go. The small square windows† sh ows how their lives are simple and that they have no escape and no freedom. It is also as if cutting off the lightRead MoreHow Does Steinbeck Present Attitudes To Women In His Novel, Of Mice and Men1076 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck uses different methods to present Curley’s Wife and women in the 1930s. Throughout the novella Steinbeck represents women to be lower in society than men. In the novella women only have three different roles. A wife, an aunt and prostitutes. Steinbeck uses these roles to show the roles of women in society. Curley’s wife, Aunt Clara and Susy and Clara from the cathouse represent he microcosm of the women in American society. The first woman that Steinbeck describes in the book is Lennie’sRead MoreHow Does Steinbeck Present the Plight of the Minorities in 1930’s America Within of Mice and Men?1320 Words   |  6 Pagestime minority groups had no standing within society. Steinbeck; in his book Of Mice and Men, presents the common minority groups within society in 1930’s America and how they were forced to live their lives. The book references four characters that all represent different groups seen as minorities at the time that the book is set. This essay will follow the characters in the book and explore how and why they found themselves as minorities and how this ultimately changed the characters lives. Read MoreHow Does Steinbeck Present the Theme of Loneliness Through Curleys Wife in of Mice and Men? - Notes1801 Words   |  8 Pages+ The story Of Mice and Men is set in Salinas by the Salinas River - where George and Lennie spend the night after escaping from their previous ranch in weed – just south of Soledad. The theme of loneliness runs throughout the book and I will be exploring how Steinbeck presents this theme through the character of Curley’s wife. Many of the characters are lonely, and seek different ways to find comfort, for Candy it is his dog, this is why he finds it so hard to let him go during chapter 3 â€Å"The oldRead Moreof Mice and Men. How Does Steinbeck Present Curley’s Wife to the Reader? What Is Her Importance in the Novel?1939 Words   |  8 PagesOf Mice and Men- Curley’s wife. How does Steinbeck present Curley’s wife to the reader? What is her importance in the novel? In order to discuss how Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife to the reader one would determine that many readers would interpret her character and importance in many diversified ways. In this essay, one must elaborate on Steinbeck’s true definition of the one and only female in the novel. First and foremost other females in the novel are mentioned but not greeted with a presenceRead MoreHow Does Steinbeck Present Curley’s Wife in â€Å"of Mice and Men†? Discuss Her Significance in the Novel.817 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† John Steinbeck tells a story of dreams, hopes and loneliness. We are introduced to a majorly significant and complex Character, named Curley’s wife. Steinbeck shows us that Curley’s wife is flirtatious, mischievous but most of all an isolated character. She plays a main part in the novel; in doing this she displays and presents many of the main themes. Before we are presented to Curley’s wife, Candy talks about her, to George and Lennie. She is spoken about in aRead MoreJohn Steinbeck Once Said of Curley’s Wife, ‘She’s a Nice Girl, Not a Floozy’. How Does Steinbeck Present Curley’s Wife in ‘of Mice and Men’?1577 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Steinbeck once said of Curley’s wife, ‘She’s a nice girl, not a floozy’. How does Steinbeck present Curley’s wife in ‘Of Mice and Men’? In this essay I will show how Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife in a number of ways throughout the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’, showing both how she is portrayed as a ‘nice girl’ as well as a ‘floozy’. This novel was set during the great depression and is written around two key themes of the American dream, which every ‘ranch hand’ owned their own patch of landRead MoreGeorge And Lennie Relationship Analysis871 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novella Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck, the relationship between Lennie Small and George Milton is complex. Lennie and George are two companions who look for work and brave the hardships of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression together. Although Lennie and George are both grown men, their relationship resembles more of a child and a single parent, or a boy and his dog. Lennie is portrayed as animalistic and childish through his behavior and Steinbeck’s comparisons. This reveals the crucial

The Poetry Of Sylvia Plath - 1811 Words

Sylvia Plath is often described as a feminist poet who wrote about the difficulties women faced before womens right were a mainstream idea. From reading her poetry, it is quite obvious that Plaths feminism is extremely important to her, but she also wrote about a lot of day to day experiences and made them significant through her use of literary devices such as metaphors and symbols. Plath may also be best known for her autobiographical poetry written in a confessional style that appeared during the 1950s. She is considered a very important poet of the post-World War II era. She became widely known following her suicide in 1963 (Bawer). Through Sylvia Plaths poetry, readers are able to get a glimpse into her personal life. The†¦show more content†¦Although once Plath had gotten older she moved to England, certainly her time in Winthrop affected her life and poetry. Her father, Otto Plath, was a German professor of Biology, an entomologist, and also authored a book about bee s; which would later become the subject of many of Plaths later poems. Her mother, Aurelia Plath was pursuing a career in teaching when she met Sylvias father. At the age of eight, Sylvia Plath published her first poem, her father would die in Winthrop, that same year. This would be the start of her lifelong career as a poet. Plath lived and wrote in the 1950s through the 1960s in both America and England (Bawer). As a modern period poet and feminist, growing up during WWII, some of Plaths work was directly related to the issues that were developing in society at the time. After WWII, societies were often characterized by strict gender norms. Women were expected to remain safely in their homes, with being a wife and a mother as their ultimate joy and goal. Art and expression became away from women to escape the everyday pressures of society. The poem The Applicant gives a glimpse of how Plath personally felt about women‘s rights and also touched on male dominance in her marriage. Through the poem, Plath shows the struggles of young women who are taught by society to pursue marriage and feel their worth only comes from their physical beauty. The poem beginsShow MoreRelatedThe Poetry of Sylvia Plath734 Words   |  3 PagesSylvia Plaths poetry roots from her harsh life long battle with heart break, death, and depression. It is clear by her work, that life was a daily struggle for this poet. In the research of her poetry, i found one poem in particular that really interested me. My main focus was the poem Mirror. The narrator of this poem is a wall mirror. At first glance, the mirror appears to be human, based off of its qualities and descriptions. The mirror has the ability to recognize things, such as the smallRead MoreAnalysis Of Poetry By Sylvia Plath1374 Words   |  6 PagesPoetry to some is the frustration of a riddle that cannot be solved. To others, it is the joy one feels while solving the same riddle. A writer has the power to convey certain themes and ideas within a poem in a span of one line or a hundred lines. They can create the tone for the poem with the help of a single word, or a comma placed in the correct spot. With the use of figures of speech such as metaphor, a writer can give the reader images and compare different ideas that have similar qualitiesRead MoreSylvia Plath Poetry Analysis1301 Words   |  6 PagesWright, Sylvia Plath and Emily Dickenson all express their views on life and death, however, do so in varying manners. Through imagery, Wright and Plath both consider life’s beginnings, however, Wright considers it to be a beautiful gift, whereas Plath views birth as an empty burden. Subsequently, through structure Dickenson and Wright each acknowledge life, expressing how in some cases it is difficult, yet in other circumstances it is celebrated. Finally, through tone, Dickenson and Plath conveyRead MoreMy Writing Poetry By Sylvia Plath1106 Words   |  5 Pagesporing over. Spoken word poetry gave me the courage to express myself. Growing up, I had always been shy and awkward. In school, I would rather spend my time daydreaming than talking to classmates. When I was forced to socialize, whether it be by teachers or my parents, it was usually met with stammering, sweat and downturned eyes. As a result, I had trouble expressing myself and would suppress my emotions. However, that changed when I began writing poetry. My interest in poetry began in middle schoolRead MoreConfessional Poetry in The Word by Sylvia Plath Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Essay What sets apart the poetic style of both modernism and postmodernism is that both attempted to diverge from the traditional proses of 19th century, specifically, from realism. Both also tend to form around the philosophy of subjectivity as both explore the inner emotions of characters and thus use it to develop ideas and conceptions in the reader’s mind. Experimentation is present is both modernist and postmodernist works; however, it takes on a central role in postmodern works andRead MoreSylvia Plath s Poetry And Her Sanity1075 Words   |  5 PagesSylvia Plath was an American Poet who was renowned for poetry mostly in the United States. She, however lived a difficult and depressing life which led to a few futile suicide attempts, but ultimately led to a successful suicide attempt leaving her children to live on without a mother. This end result was due to a multitude of issues in her life from Sylvia’s sanity. She wasn’t the most stable child. Her marriage a lso played a role in her suicide. Her successes weren’t acclaimed until after her deathRead MorePsychoanalytically Analyzing the Poetry of Sylvia Plath Essay1846 Words   |  8 PagesThe poetry of Sylvia Plath can be interpreted psychoanalytically. Sigmund Freud believed that the majority of all art was a controlled expression of the unconscious. However, this does not mean that the creation of art is effortless; on the contrary it requires a high degree of sophistication. Works of art like dreams have both a manifest content (what is on the surface) and latent content (the true meaning). Both dreams and art use symbolism and metaphor and thus need to be interpreted to understandRead MorePoetry Is Not Turning Loose From Emotion, By Sylvia Plath Essay1092 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluation Essay Poetry is not turning loose from emotion, rather it is an escape from emotion. It is a chance to be out of your body and express feelings from a third person perspective. Poetry is a surplus of emotion and power that is taken to paper to share with those who can relate. When you have nothing to say or don’t know how to say it – it is poetry. It can be as simple as explaining an ocean set landscape, to as complicated as explaining how you feel from the inside out. Sylvia Plath effectivelyRead MoreEssay on The Dark Life and Confessional Poetry of Sylvia Plath2207 Words   |  9 Pagespoets, who brought with them a new type of perspective within their poetry. These poets—especially those who wrote confessional poetry—established their poetry in a single, unified voice that accentuated intimate human topics such as death, sexuality, and family. An important contributor to contemporary and confessional poetry was Sylvia Plath, who employed personal aspects of her life into her style of confessional poetry. Plath suffered from a deep depression that influenced her to often write inRead MoreThe Theme of Death in Poetry by Emily Dickinson and Sylvia Plath918 Words   |  4 PagesDeath is a prevalent theme in the poetry of both Sylvia Plath and Emily Dickinson. They both examine death from varied angles. There are many similarities as well as differences in the representation of this theme in their poetry. Plath views death as a sinister and intimidating end, while Dickinson depicts death with the endearment of romantic attraction. In the poetry of Plath death is depicted traditionally, while Dickinson attributes some mysticism to the end of life. In the poem Two

A History of Arabian Music Free Essays

Henry G. Farmer illuminating book â€Å"A History of Arabian Music† seeks to provide readers with insight of the historical influences that shaped Arabian music and the culture that nourished and gave rise to variances and interpretations dealing with the theory of music and the practices that further consolidated and supported these theories. The book was published originally in 1929 and covers musical work over several centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on A History of Arabian Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book starts with the factors that helped to shaped Arabian music culture. These include political and social factors which were instrumental in shaping Arabian music theory. The book starts with a look at the â€Å"Days of Idolatry† in the 6th century (Farmer, 1929). According to Farmer, this was a time which was referred to by Muslims as â€Å"Days of ignorance† based of the fact that at that time much of the knowledge relating to Arabian civilization and the attending economical, political and cultural practices, was lost. Farmer argues that there were many musical instruments in this Islamic time, whose development were linked to Southern Arabians and these instruments include Mi’Zaf (Barbiton) and the Kus (A Large Kettledrum) (Farmer, 1929). Factors Migration of people from the southern region to Al Hijaz resulted in a melting pot of the Arts and musicians and poets flourished and shared their talents with others. Farmer also stated that the Musicians and poets in Ukaz competed fiercely for ascendency in their respective arts and this may have helped to shaped the music of the times. Farmers reports that singing girls were famous during that time and musicians gained further recognition from singing at the courts (Farmer, 1929). The author states that during the time of Idolatry, music was found in all areas of society; and pervaded, religious, public and private lives. Arabians were known to sing while at work and play and they often express joy by enagaging in music. Dispite the many musicians and singers of that time, only a few names have been preserved for modern society. Farmer states that with the advent of Islam during the time of Mohammed the Prophet and subsequent to his death, legists have been debating if music was lawful although there is no reference in the Quran as to any opposition. Farmer argue that the opposition to music may have developed by those theologians who decryed the attention being paid to music and popular musicians of the time (Farmer, 1929). Arabian music would also be influence by the Khalif, Mu’awiya who during his reign in the 7th century eventually gave recognition and a present to a musician in his court and this was in direct contrast to what were popular expressions of disapproval of musicians at the time. Yazid II (720-24) a ruler, was also said to have been instrumental in bringing back music to the courts and public life because he enjoyed the arts Farmer illuminatingly states that eventually during what he termed the â€Å"Orthodox Khalifate† there arose serious competition between the musicians of two major Arabian cities; Mecca and Al Medina and he argues that it was Mecca that gave the Arabians the musician Ibn Misjah who was stated to be the first schooled person in Arabian music. Farmer stated that Arabian music was influenced by both Greek and Persian musicians and composers and the Greek influence gained ascendancy with the work of Greek theorists such as Ptolemy, Aristoxenos and Euklid prominently taking center stage to shape Arabian music. Farmer also looks at two Khalifs who were avid supporters of music and these were Al-Amir (1101-1131) and Al-Musta’H (1094-1101). Farmer argues that the later Khalifs helped to support and shape musical development and enjoyment. In Farmers’ eyes the development and growth in appreciation of music in the Arabian culture was not without opposition and controversy. In his eyes, and based on his research, it was the Khalifs, especially those from the 8th to the 12th centuries that brought back music to public and private lives and encouraged a growing appreciation of this art form. He viewed the work of the great philosopher, Al-Ghazali, as being enormously influential pertaining to musical development and cites the Principal of the Two Nizamiyya colleges in Baghdad and Nisapur as being one who came out in defense of the music. Farmer has been able to shed light on a period in Arabian history that shows how music development evolved and developed and the forces that acted to restrain the emergence of musical theory. His book shows the triumph of those who overcame adversity and opposition to music in public and private citing religious teachings and the book ends with a look at the work and lives of those who actively sought to make music a part of daily lived of Arabians. Farmers work shows that the development of the music did not happen overnight, but was a result of centuries of struggle and erudite contemplations. No single individual can lay claim to the developing theories of music for the Arabian people and the development was due to a multitude of music lovers who defended the art and practices and eventually left a rich heritage. References Farmer, H. G. (1929). A History of Arabian Music. Luzac. How to cite A History of Arabian Music, Papers

Male Gaze in Vertigo free essay sample

Section I Images of Women in Film Dr. Judith Lancioni 07, February 2012 Male Gaze in Vertigo Several film theorists have used a variety of tactics and view points to analyze feature films since their inception. One of the most prominent theorists of those that analyze films from a feminist perspective is Laura Mulvey. Mulvey is famous for her essay â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,† which presents an array of theories involving the treatment of women in films. Arguably the most notable idea presented in Mulvey’s work is the existence of the â€Å"male gaze† in films. This essay will examine Mulvey’s theory of the male gaze in relation to Alfred Hitchcock’s film, Vertigo. Vertigo does not fit the criteria of a film that embodies Mulvey’s â€Å"male gaze† because of three key elements, the presentation of the Midge character, the flashback scene, and the conscious submission of Judy’s character to the wishes of Scottie. Before these elements of the film can be related to the â€Å"male gaze,† it is imperative to understand the theory behind the gaze according to Laura Mulvey. The male gaze is a theory which states that most films are shown from the point of view of a white, middle-class male. That includes the complete objectification of women into sex objects. This includes scenes that accentuate the curves of a woman’s body, or focus heavily on her breasts. Women are also seen as figures that rely on the man to get by in the male gaze, which means they are void of all qualities which could â€Å"castrate† the male or leave him in a situation where he does not have the power in the relationship between them. It also stays out of the women’s point of view and does not reveal her thoughts or perceptions in relation to any of the male’s actions, the gaze purports that the films focus on the male and his point of view, while merely objectifying the women. Now that the male gaze has been sufficiently explained, it can be clarified how the aforementioned elements contained in Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo do not comply with Mulvey’s theory. The first element to examine within the film is the presentation of Barbara Bel Geddes’ character, Midge Wood. Midge is not presented as a sexual object for Scottie in any way. In actuality, the male gaze may be somewhat satirized in this film by the fact that Midge designs brasseries for a living, yet she is not a sexual exploit or sexually driven at all in this film. Midge also contradicts the male gaze because she is placed in a position of power over Scottie, as he goes to her to deal with his vulnerabilities regarding acrophobia in the beginning of the film. Midge’s position of power over Scottie is further affirmed as she refers to herself as â€Å"mother† multiple times in the film. An example is seen when Scottie mentions seeming lost in the mental hospital and Midge replies â€Å"You’re not lost, Mothers here. † Scottie’s acceptance of this represents a castration affect not typical to the male gaze, as well as the extremely atypical acceptance of a female in power in a film by a lead male. This presentation of Midge in Vertigo demonstrates a variance from Mulvey’s view of female characters in accordance with the male gaze. Another scene in the movie does this by allowing us into the mind of a female character and giving us information before even Scottie obtains it. The aforementioned scene is a flashback that occurs after Scottie’s first encounter with Judy in her apartment. During this flashback, the viewer is exposed to Judy’s actual thought process and frame of mind. The viewer is provided with key information, the fact that Judy is Madeleine, which even Scottie does not yet know. This occurrence is unique because it creates a dichotomy with the male gaze, since Judy is much more than an object of sexual desire. Judy becomes an active part of the â€Å"lens† through which the viewer sees the film, making it almost transcend into a female gaze for this brief period. This one scene is a clear example which shows the male gaze does not remain constantly present throughout this film. The character of Judy herself can easily represent the stereotype that the male gaze portrays for women in film. She is changed by Scottie throughout the second half of the film to resemble Madeleine, which feeds Scottie’s obsession and objectifies her. This change, however, can also be used to show a gap in the male gaze within the film due to one line uttered by Judy at the end of the film. When Judy and Scottie arrive at the top of the church and he confronts her, Judy says â€Å"I wanted you to change me because†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The key part of this statement is Judy’s assertion that she allowed Scottie to change her. If this situation was to remain typical of the male gaze, she would simply have changed because Scottie was in control. It would have been what he wished and it would have happened without a defense or explanation because she would simply be an object for his pleasure. Judy stating that she allowed the change to happen for a reason shatters that idea. Her suggestion that she allowed the changes to occur for her benefit actually puts her in a position of power. Although it may have seemed as though Scottie was changing her and getting his every wish, Judy claims that she submitted to this changes willingly, because she wanted him to know who she was. If the viewer assumes this claim is true, then Judy manipulated Scottie and played his own obsession against him. This does not fall within the scope of Mulvey’s male gaze, as that would see the female manipulated by the male without retort or reasoning. Laura Mulvey’s ideas and rationales put forth in her theory of the male gaze are widely accepted and referenced when studying the roles of women in film. However, the gaze cannot be a blanket theory applied to all films, as some simply do not fit the criteria it lays forth. The presentation of Midge, the flashback scene, and the conscious submission of Judy’s character to the wishes of Scottie illustrate that Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo is one of those films.

Survey of Economics Essays - Economy, Business, Monopoly

Survey of Economics Professor Thomas Andrew Lett Salem International University October 22nd, 2017 Barriers to entry into an industry or business are economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, switching costs and government policies. Some other barriers include cost disadvantages and access to distribution channels. Start up business may look to enter business with high barriers which will be hard to overcome. Economies of scale are decreasing unit costs of a product. This will force an entrant to either come in at a large or small scale. Entering at large scale would be risky as incumbents would have major reactions to it causing the entry to be a failure. Small scale entry may result in small scale disadvantages in cost. Product differentiation is where companies have established brand loyalties which in result forces entrants to have to spend mass amounts to overcome the issue. Marketing resources will be needed as the small start-up will need them to establish effective positioning.Capital requirements are required for infrastructure, machinery, RD, and advertising. Startups can get around these financial resources by outsourcing to companies. Government policies are a major barrier as they force you to obey them. If not, fines and loss of business will be the result. Regulations are ever changing and many things require special licenses to obtain equipment or sell certain products. This makes it very hard for startups to succeed. Reference(s): Barriers to entry: factors preventing startups entry to a market. (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2017, from https://www.marsdd.com/mars-library/barriers-to-entry-factors-preventing-startups-from-entering-a-market/

De Broglie Wavelength Hypothesis Overview

De Broglie Wavelength Hypothesis Overview The De Broglie hypothesis proposes that all matter exhibits wave-like properties and relates the observed wavelength of matter to its momentum. After Albert Einsteins photon theory became accepted, the question became whether this was true only for light or whether material objects also exhibited wave-like behavior. Here is how the De Broglie hypothesis was developed. De Broglies Thesis In his 1923 (or 1924, depending on the source) doctoral dissertation, the French physicist Louis de Broglie made a bold assertion. Considering Einsteins relationship of wavelength lambda to momentum p, de Broglie proposed that this relationship would determine the wavelength of any matter, in the relationship: lambda h / p recall that h is Plancks constant This wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength. The reason he chose the momentum equation over the energy equation is that it was unclear, with matter, whether E should be total energy, kinetic energy, or total relativistic energy. For photons, they are all the same, but not so for matter. Assuming the momentum relationship, however, allowed the derivation of a similar de Broglie relationship for frequency f using the kinetic energy Ek: f Ek / h Alternate Formulations De Broglies relationships are sometimes expressed in terms of Diracs constant, h-bar h / (2pi), and the angular frequency w and wavenumber k: p h-bar * kEk h-bar * w Experimental Confirmation In 1927, physicists Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer, of Bell Labs, performed an experiment where they fired electrons at a crystalline nickel target. The resulting diffraction pattern matched the predictions of the de Broglie wavelength. De Broglie received the 1929 Nobel Prize for his theory (the first time it was ever awarded for a Ph.D. thesis) and Davisson/Germer jointly won it in 1937 for the experimental discovery of electron diffraction (and thus the proving of de Broglies hypothesis). Further experiments have held de Broglies hypothesis to be true, including the quantum variants of the double slit experiment. Diffraction experiments in 1999 confirmed the de Broglie wavelength for the behavior of molecules as large as buckyballs, which are complex molecules made up of 60 or more carbon atoms. Significance of the de Broglie Hypothesis The de Broglie hypothesis showed that wave-particle duality was not merely an aberrant behavior of light, but rather was a fundamental principle exhibited by both radiation and matter. As such, it becomes possible to use wave equations to describe material behavior, so long as one properly applies the de Broglie wavelength. This would prove crucial to the development of quantum mechanics. It is now an integral part of the theory of atomic structure and particle physics. Macroscopic Objects and Wavelength Though de Broglies hypothesis predicts wavelengths for ​matter of any size, there are realistic limits on when its useful. A baseball thrown at a pitcher has a de Broglie wavelength that is smaller than the diameter of a proton by about 20 orders of magnitude. The wave aspects of a macroscopic object are so tiny as to be unobservable in any useful sense, although interesting to muse about.

An Agile Methodology and a More Traditional Approach Essay

An Agile Methodology and a More Traditional Approach - Essay Example I have categorized these factors into project size and duration, the risk involved and people.   One major shortcoming of the agile approach is project size. Project size comprises of elements such as the budget of the project, the project’s duration and the organization of the project team. A large team or huge budget means that the project is big and therefore requires more resources, workforce and general coordination of all these elements. The traditional approach to project management methodologies aids these process by providing plans and facilitating more detailed documentation for better advances communication and ease of coordination.   According to the book, ‘Project management fundamentals: key concepts and methodology’ â€Å"There is a limit to the size of the problem that can be solved with a given number of people† (Haugan, 2011). Haugan goes ahead to show the existing relationship between methodology and communication. A cording to him, the level of methodology rises with an increase in the number of people. The mobile phone company seems to have a number of stakeholders in the management of the project, therefore, in this case, I would advise ten to use the traditional approach. However, if the people involved are less than forty, they should consider using the agile approach. When it comes to making a decision in regards to project duration, since the project needs fast completion, it is advisable for the mobile company to use agile methodology because traditional methodologies involve lengthy outputs (Goodpasture, 2010).   The company also has to consider customer adaptability to the new product as another great factor in deciding what approach to use. In the agile approach, the customer has the ability to evaluate the progress of the software and alter the direction of the software development.

Microfinance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Microfinance - Essay Example In this aspect, they provide more than just banking services. In my opinion, MFIs have empowered the poor by bringing financial services closer to them. However, it is also of equal significance to lay policies for efficient management and operations of the MFIs (Ledgerwood 205). To determine if the MFIs are able to make sufficient returns to meet their needs without extreme risks and remain financially viable while extending loans to small businesses, a periodic analysis of their performance is necessary (Ledgerwood 205). The targeted beneficiaries also require training in capital management and investment to gain profits. A report on the financial analysis is not only helpful to the internal management of the MFIs, but also to donors and financiers that have invested in them (Ledgerwood 205). This aspect applies to both non-profit and profit making entities. An analysis of the performance provides information that assist in identifying existing and potential problems. From the analysis, changes in policy and management can be implemented, improving financial performance. In conclusion, I believe MFIs need to be monitored and undergo periodic evaluations. This is because well managed MFIs are in the forefront in supporting generation of sustainable income to financially challenged entrepreneurs, driving them towards a financially independent society (Ledgerwood 8). The way they are managed enables practitioners to determine how well they are performing financially and also determine future performance goals.

Foundation of Western Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundation of Western Civilization - Essay Example The earlier Greeks could come up with a question about the nature of the world and look for an answer that was entirely independent on the supernatural powers this set the pace for the then intellectual revolution. They question the origin of the world and by so doing ignited what is now science and also ignited philosophy. The great leadership with morals in the west had foundation in the people of antique, in those early days the Hebrews introduced some ideas, their god was very powerful and could destroy whenever he wants however he was open to persuasion and subject to good morals he will however destroy those who stray from the moral standard within the society. This was borrowed to today with leaders always having to pass the moral test if they have to be elected. The Jewish religion had also impact on the west. Their God was neither superhuman nor like human beings but of high stature in comparison to human beings. They brought in righteousness into western culture, they believed that god is a righteous god and he is just and fair to forgive, if one repents the sins he will be forgiven. The prophets tell people to be righteous so that they can be saved from the punishment from God. This Jews religion and tradition brought morality to the west that is still the mode up to today. These believe in Gods power and righteousness is still part of the western culture and heritage. In Jews religion we are the children of God and this brought a different view of mankind as being children of God. The Greeks started thinking and not attributing everything to gods, they start curing diseases and reasoned that they were caused by natural causes and not curses or being from gods. From that foundation research and development in medical fields kicked off. The Greeks became to say that laws are made by humans and not from gods they start to make laws that helped control human beings and keep them within the

Assistant Practitioner Providing Support For A Diabetes Patient

Assistant Practitioner Providing Support For A Diabetes Patient The following paper will reflect on an experience as a trainee assistant practitioner which involved the care and support of a patient with type 1 diabetes. For this reflection I will use Bill as a pseudonym name for my patient as The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) states that. The common law of confidentiality reflects that people have a right to expect that information given to a nurse or midwife is only used for the purpose for which it was given and will not be disclosed without permission. This covers situations where information is disclosed directly to the nurse or midwife and also to information that the nurse or midwife obtains from others. For this assignment Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) will be utilised as I feel comfortable with this model. Gibbs (1998) refers to the experience as an incident which involves exploring good and bad feelings, however Johns (1995) suggests that the fundamental purpose of reflective practice is to enable the practitioner to interpret an experience in order to learn from it. Type 1 diabetes is a lifelong condition in which the body cannot control the amount of glucose in the blood. This is because the body cannot produce the natural hormone insulin. Diabetes is a common, lifelong condition and as Zimmet et al (2001) identify that in developed countries one person in thirty may be affected and it is likely that by 2025 there will be three hundred million people with diabetes worldwide, this is mainly the result of more sedentary lifestyles and increased obesity. In 2006 Diabetes UK estimated that there were more than two million people with diagnosed diabetes and up to one million who are still undiagnosed (Diabetes UK 2006). A holistic approach to this long term condition is essential as it can come with so many complications. Complications may arise from inadequate management and treatment of the condition, which can adversely affect the quality of life and have financial implications for patients and the National Health Service (DH2001). There are two types of diabetes. In type 1 diabetes there is no production of insulin by the beta (ß) cells of the pancreas. In type 2 diabetes, which accounts for over 80 per cent of all cases of diabetes, insulin is produced by the ß cells and is released into the bloodstream, but it subsequently fails to act properly at the sites of glucose uptake, which are skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue (Donnelley and Garber 1999, Reginato and Lazar 1999). As a trainee assistant practitioner I was asked by the district sister to visit Bill to do a blood test which had been requested by the general practitioner as Bill is housebound and unable to attend a blood clinic. The blood test was to check his full blood count and HbA1c which had not been done for almost a year. Bill is seventy four years of age, lives alone and has lived with diabetes for many years. Bills wife passed away a year ago and has one son who lives many miles away so sees him very little; he does however have a neighbour who pops in to check on him now and again. Bill administers his own insulin in the mornings and checks his blood sugar levels daily before giving his insulin. My first impressions of Bill were that he looked frail and quite pale but having not met him before this may have been the norm for him. Whilst taking the blood sample I began chatting to Bill and he started to tell me that he had several episodes of feeling unwell recently and on that morning he had felt particularly unwell. I asked him to explain why he felt unwell and what symptoms he was experiencing. He explained the symptoms included shaking in his hands, feeling lightheaded and a fuzzy headache. As a trainee assistant practitioner I felt it necessary to explore what was wrong with Bill even further. First of all I began taking some basic clinical observations, his blood pressure was 140/90, pulse 80 and regular which were both within normal limits. He appeared pale and clammy so I checked his blood glucose level which was 3.2mmols; Bill was suffering from hypoglycaemia. Blood glucose levels are normally maintained within relatively narrow limits at about 5-7mmol/l (Williams an d Pickup 2004). My immediate concern was to ensure Bills blood glucose levels did not drop any further and the priority was to take short term action and increase his blood sugar to prevent it becoming any worse. Bill had no glucose tablets or glucogen so with his consent I looked in his fridge and cupboards to find something that would increase his blood sugars quickly. All that was in his fridge was a carton of milk a few slices of bread and some jam, I promptly gave him a drink of milk and made a jam sandwich. I felt it was my responsibility to sit with Bill until his blood glucose returned to acceptable levels and he had recovered from this episode of hypoglycaemia. I took Bills blood glucose levels every ten minutes until it returned to a safe and acceptable level. Bills blood sugar was now 5.2mmols and he was feeling brighter I checked to see if he ever recorded his blood glucose levels or kept a record of administration of his insulin but there was nothing. I asked him about his diet he said he hadnt been feeling up to eating much, I asked who did his shopping which he informed me his neighbour gets his milk and bread and a few other little bits when he needed them. I was aware that the lack of food in the house was probably the cause of Bill suffering from hypoglycaemic attacks. Hypoglycaemia occurs when the blood glucose level falls below 4mmol/L and is a common side effect of insulin therapy. Causes of hypoglycaemia include missed or late meals, not eating enough, taking too much insulin, exercise and excessive alcohol. National Health Services Choices (2009) state that hypoglycaemia should be treated with fast-acting carbohydrate, for example, 3-6 glucose tablets, 150ml fizzy drink or 50-100ml Lucozade, and followed up with a longer-acting carbohydrate, for example, biscuits or a sandwich. Glucose gels, for example, GlucoGel are useful to raise blood glucose levels and blood glucose should be recorded five to ten minutes after treatment. After ensuring that Bills hypoglycaemic attack had subsided and he was feeling better I made him a cup of tea and left him another sandwich that he could have at lunchtime. My initial feelings were of concern for Bills safety in the future and as a trainee assistant practitioner I knew that it was my responsibility to see my mentor immediately to discuss the situation. I was satisfied that I had taken the time to find out what was wrong with Bill and that he had recovered from his hypoglycaemic attack which I may not have taken time to do in my previous role. From the years of working in the community nursing setting experience I was fully aware that other mutli-displinary agencies may need to be involved in the care of Bill. I returned to the office and fed back to my mentor and later that day we returned to Bill and a full assessment was undertaken, it came to light that Bill had been struggling for some time with his diabetes, personal care and shopping and housework. It was decid ed by my mentor that for the interim period until care and support for Bill could be implemented that the district nursing team would administer his insulin that way his blood glucose levels could be regularly recorded and ensure that he has eaten something. He was also referred to the community diabetic nurse for a review of his insulin regime. Dietary management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes Nutritional therapy is an integral part of effective management of diabetes and has a vital role in helping people with diabetes to achieve and maintain optimal glycaemia control (Delahunt 1998, UKPDS 1990).I visited the general practitioner surgery and obtained some patient information on diabetes care and diet and took them to Bill, with the supervision of my mentor I sat with him and read through them. Once a care package was in place the carers would be informed of what foods Bill should and should not have and they would help with meal preparation. The British Diabetic Association (1999) suggest that ideally dietary information should be delivered by a diabetes specialist dietician, however in the case of Bill awaiting an appointment to see the dietician would have taken time and the information was needed on a more urgent basis. McGough (2003) suggest that structured patient education plays an important role in enabling people with diabetes to manage their diabetes on a day-to-day basis and a greater emphasis should be on the benefits of regular physical activity and weight management. More flexibility in the proportion of monounsaturated fat and carbohydrate in dietary intake and sucrose should no longer be restricted to a specific amount. For Bill initially it was essential that he was provided with regular meals and snacks at least three times daily to prevent any further hypoglycaemic attacks. An urgent referral was sent to members of the multi-disciplinary team and a meeting was arranged the following day with a social services. Referrals were also sent to the community diabetic nurse, dietician and foot health services. On assessment with my mentor she identified that Bill had not been washing properly and had not cut his toe nails for some time, Bill was also experiencing pain in his legs and feet. Bi ll was likely to be experiencing diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and I completed a pain assessment chart with him. Hill (2009) identifies that painful neuropathy affects the feet, typically causing burning or stabbing pain, which is particularly apparent at night. This was a mirror of what Bill described his pain as and we reassured him that his pain control would be discussed with his general practitioner as at present Bill took no analgesia at all and there was none in the house. The general practitioner prescribed paracetamol 1000mg four times daily initially as he felt that the pain may improve once more control had been gained again with his diabetic control. I returned to assess Bills pain control several days after commencing paracetamol and it had improved, he was still experiencing slight discomfort but felt that he would like to continue on this regime as he did not want anything stronger at the present time. It was agreed with Bill that this would be reviewed again the fo llowing week. A joint visit was done with the diabetic nurse, my mentor and myself and it was identified that Bills technique of giving his own insulin was poor due to poor dexterity in his hands and he was unable to turn his insulin pen properly or read the digits on the pen clearly. It was unclear how long Bill had been trying to manage in this way but Bill would certainly need long term care with his insulin from the district nursing team. The diabetic nurse identified that Bills eyesight was particularly poor and that he had not had his eyes checked for several years. Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of blindness and many patients do not have any symptoms of the damage occurring in the retina until the complications have become advanced. NICE (2008) recommend annual screening for all patients with diabetes and that a record of the retina is made by digital imaging for year on year comparison to identify the development and progression of retinopathy. The general practitioner was informed that Bill had not had his eyes checked and he agreed that he would refer him for retinopathy screening. As a trainee assistant practitioner I have learnt valuable knowledge in the management and care of patients with diabetes, from Bill requiring a routine blood test he has become a complex patient with multiple problems related to his diabetes. Due to the word limitations of the essay all areas of complications relating to diabetes could not be covered but through researching and reading around the topic I am aware of other complications such as nephropathy, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease. I have continued as an assistant trainee practitioner to visit Bill and monitor his progress with my mentor. His blood glucose levels have improved and are maintained controlled between 6-9mmols. Bill has needed some psychological support as he is used to seeing few people and all of a sudden his life has changed and he has several members of the multidisciplinary team visiting and reviewing him regularly. Overall I feel a sense of satisfaction that from a routine bl ood test and utilising a more advanced role all of this relating to Bill has been identified and his health and care are much more improved.

All Quiet on the Western Front :: essays research papers

Foreign Policy Book Review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  World War I took place in the early 1900's. The United States entered the war late, trying not to get involved with foreign affairs. In Erich Maria Remarque's WWI novel All Quiet on the Western Front, we see the war through the German point of view of a 19 year-old Paul Baumer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As more and more young German nationalists are brain-washed into battle, more and more lives are altered forever. Once in the war, the young soldiers realize that war isn't at all as glorious as they had believed. They continuously live in fear and unfathomable doubt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One thing I liked about this book was that the heroin dies in the end; not because of animosity towards the main character but because it didn't end in an archetypal happy ending. It felt more real than same old story we've seen over and over again where the main character sees all his friends die yet somehow survives every battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One thing I learned from was that it really was terrifying to be at war during a militaristic industrial revolution. New weapons were constantly being brought into the war, and no one knew how to defend themselves against them. In modern day we have plans and defense systems for anything and everything, but they hadn't yet seen tanks or machine guns. Conditions were horrible in the trenches and people went mad every other day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The thing I liked most about the book, however, was that it was written from the point of view of a German soldier. In America we hardly ever see any war through anyone else's eyes other than those of another patriotic American. I thought this feature did well in showing that, no matter what country, each soldier differs little from any other. It is the nation that has the problem, and the soldiers are sent in to settle the dispute sometimes not knowing what that may be. They asked the same questions of their government that we asked of ours.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The only thing I didn't like was it was a little confusing at times because of his writing style. I often confused characters and events, but that can be said of any story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I would definitely recommend this book in the future because it's different than other novels we read in the same ways I explained that I like it. It brought a new twist tot he average war novel.

Social Policy and Its Application to Social Services Provision

Private problems become public issues when an individual’s problem/problems spill out into the community for example youth homelessness. Youth homelessness is greater than you might think in May 2008 it was thought that there were over 75000 youths at risk of becoming homeless, mostly due to the breakdown of the family or the introduction of a step family, 65% of these young people experienced violence as their family broke down and 20% experienced sexual abuse. The really sad thing about the number of youths at risk of homelessness is, in order to be detected as at risk something extreme has to happen e. g. the young homeless person was arrested for causing a disturbance or ends up in hospital after a violent incident. Mostly when families breakdown we as a community know nothing about it (their family problems are kept private) this becomes a public issue which may require the creation of a â€Å"policy for dealing with social issues†, when we see young people sleeping rough or the crime rate increases as the homeless person steals to feed them self. Over the years there has been significant research and development of policies which are aimed at combating homelessness among the 16-25 year olds and in 2002 the homelessness Act was endorsed by the Scottish parliament after it was highlighted that the numbers of homeless people sleeping rough in our cities, could affect the tourist trade, which in turn would affect our economy, this act extended the definition of priority need to include new groups of vulnerable people including youths. This Homeless act means that young people are no longer turned away from hostels; in fact there are hostels that are just for young people (these hostels help protect the young people on the streets from abuse i. e. prostitution) This homeless act also made local authorities develop homeless strategies e. g. the housing and support team that we have in West Lothian. Due to new policy the numbers of young people sleeping on the streets is few, and the ease of access to information/services means homeless people have hope and can access services before they actually become homeless, which in turn combats drug/alcohol abuse (which also relieves pressure off the NHS) and crime statics. 2. Social policies come about due to various influences. Nationwide statics are gathered for various reasons and as a result these figures/statics can and do bring around change in policy or even the implementation of new olicies e. g. it was found that the number of people binge drinking and requiring hospital treatment was on the rise, so the government created a policy that it was illegal to have happy hours in bar’s and it was illegal for shops to have two for one offers on alcohol. Another way the government is influenced to change or create policy is through pressure groups. Pressure groups don’t have to be official bodies or organisations like â⠂¬Å"fathers for justice†, they can be a group of people who are concerned about an issue in their community e. . a group of concerned parents petitioning the government about the lack of services for teenagers in their area (youth club) due to the planned closure of the community centre. Social policies can also come about if there is a threat to society e. g. terrorism, after 9/11 the pass port policy changed, before 9/11 children were able to travel on their parents passport, after 9/11 the policy changed and now everyone needs a passport regardless of age. Before 9/11 we could travel within our own country (Glasgow-London) without a passport now we can’t. Policies have also changed after public outcry. After the abduction, rape and murder of a child in England by a convicted paedophile, who had been housed in the area on his release from prison. The policy that gave these people anonymity was reviewed and changed, so that anyone who is concerned about an adult, who is working with children, can ask the police if they are a risk. 3. The mixed economy of care came about due to the governments of the 1980s being concerned that the place for the care of people should be provided from within their communities and that the â€Å"sense of community† would be lost as people stopped â€Å"looking after their own†. People would stop contributing charitably to the community and the people in it ( popping in on a neighbour to give her a break from her ill husband or running to the shop for an older person as well as fund raising and legacies), as it would become taken for granted that the state would provide everything i. e. ousing and Health Care as well as meals on wheels and respite, as a result, people would not feel like it was their job to help themselves, their community or their neighbours, that it was the states job, and so the fear was the sense of community would be lost to dependency on the state. The mixed economy of care means that different services collaborate/works together in order to provid e a service for an individual which not only meets their needs, but makes sure that the care being provided doesn’t over lap i. e. one care plan is made for the individual and all the required services work within this plan. Our government as it is now (2009) has picked up where the 1980/90s left off (they carried on where the last government left off instead of returning to state provided care) and is working towards a â€Å"mixed economy of care†, it has identified 4 sectors of care provision i. e. statutory, private, voluntary and informal. The statutory sector is care what is provided by the state for example benefits, cars for the disabled and access to health care e. g. occupational health (home adaptations). The private sector offers care as part of a business for example private nursing care, respite and private pensions. The voluntary/charity sector provide care that is funded through fundraising and donations and offers things like lunch clubs (help the aged), meals on wheels (WRVS) and hospital transport (red cross). The final sector, the informal sector comes by way of care provided by a non professional/specialist; this could be family, the community (neighbours) or friends who give up their time to look after their community and the people in it. The informal sector saves the government and NHS millions of pounds every year as their contribution relieves the need for official respite services and health care and it’s free. The Community Care Act 1990 came about as in order to fulfil the recommendations /objectives that the white paper (1989) Caring for People had identified (the enabling of older people to live independently for as long as possible in their own home, practical support for carers, guidelines for quality individual needs assessments and accountability for service providers and the quality of care they provide) new legislation was needed, thus the community care act (1990) was passed. Nowadays we see people living and working in our community who, not so many years ago, would have lived their lives in institutions or sanatoriums without any human rights or even choice, but now with implementation of individual/ person centred care plans/assessments, designed with the individuals needs, rights, circumstance and abilities in mind, as well as making access to different care services more easily available e. g. upported accommodation/residential nursing care, benefits, disabled employment (Remploy), occupational therapy, day care and befriending, not only are the individuals needs being met, the human rights of these individuals are being recognised. The individuals who were once locked away from the rest of society without any rights, choices or quality of life are now (with a little help from the care in the community act) living, working (Remploy) and contributing in and to communities (Volunteering in a charity shop). 4. Funding for different care services comes from various sources for example the services that are state/government services e. g. benefits, NHS departments (occupational therapy) and pensions are funded mostly through income tax, VAT, and national insurance, but not all of these services are completely free for example an older person who requires residential care will have to contribute financially if they have enough of an income or assets to cover the cost, they will also receive little or no help financially if they have a private pension i. e. they will have to pay for glasses and prescriptions. Funding for the local authority care services is much the same as central government funding comes firstly from the annual government grants as detailed in the 2009, amendment of the local government finance act 1992 Scotland order. Funding also comes from council tax income, business rates, licensing (alcohol) and recycling. While all this income generates wealth it does not mean everything is free and individuals will still contribute via user charges. Voluntary/charitable organisations also contribute to care services through fund raising and free care service i. . volunteers. There is also the Scottish post code lottery which has funded community projects as has the national lottery. Legacies also contribute to the financing of a service. 5. European commission was established in 1954 and has members from every country in Europe (two from the UK) its job is to form policy and legislation that protects the individuals’ human rights. They give the country an amount of time t o comply adequately to any new policy/legislation, before the country is taken to the human rights court e. g. he Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment, in employment and occupation. The minimum standard (directive) as stated by the EC included the protection of equal rights. The regulations (which must be implemented immediately) for this act included equal employment opportunities (promotion). Sometimes new legislations/policies cost money to implement and it falls to the local authority to decide how best to do this, finding the money often results in other services suffering through smaller grants e. . the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources (â€Å"Renewables Directive†) the local authorities are obligated to implement these directives within a set time frame. The local authorities have to find the money, this is usually through council tax and money they make through council busin ess e. g. Neighbourhood Recycling, this in turn affects the care service and volunteer services by reducing the budget or funding they receive and possibly a rise in taxes and rates. The guide lines that come from the EC are a bit like expectations for example the government/EC expects local planners, architects and developers to take into account crime prevention when designing streets for example, this is to provide a safe and secure environment (your human right to live in a safe/secure environment) The duty to make this happen falls on local authority that, for example would have street/security lighting and the installation of CCTV as a condition of the planning application or they could create a local policy that says new housing schemes will only receive planning approval if there is security lighting fitted as standard.

Poverty Reduction in Uganda

Name: Nguyen, Thi Hai Yen Student ID: 2012470037 Subject: Special topic in international development: African economics and politic Topic: Uganda – The bright in poverty reduction for other Sub – Saharan African countries Uganda is a landlocked and relative small country in East Africa. After independence in 1962, Uganda experienced a decade of relative political and economic stability before 15 years struggling under the power of Idi Amin who lead the country to conflict and reduced country to a failed state and a collapsed economy.It stopped by 1986, when Yoweri Museveni took power brought a period of sustained economic and political renewal to Uganda. Uganda is a relative rich of natural resources including fertile soils, regular rainfall, small deposits of copper, gold, and other minerals, and recently discovered oil. Just like other African countries, export of Uganda heavily depends on coffee with 63 per cent of total export revenues of the country. Uganda has bee n a bright point in Sub – Saharan Africa by being the first country in the region to embark on liberalization and pro-market policies in the late 1980s.Thanks to the right policies, the government has maintained a stable macroeconomic environment and sustained private sector-oriented reforms that graduated Uganda into a mature reformer in 2006. GDP growth accelerated from an average of 6. 5 per cent per year in the 1990s to over 7 per cent during the 2000s. Together with the sustained economic growth in the past two decade, Uganda enabled substantial poverty reduction and some progress towards Millennium Development Goals (MDG).Although other MDGs such as achieving universal primary education, reducing child mortality rates, improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases have been slow, the first goal of poverty reduction has been achieved successfully in Uganda. In 2009/2010, Uganda surpassed the 2015 MDG of halving the 56. 4 per cent poverty rate recorded in 1992/1993 to 24. 5 per cent. However, in 2011, at a per capita income at 500 USD or 1300 USD in PPP, ranked 203 in the world, Uganda remains a very poor country and far from the middle income status it aspires to achieve in one eneration. This paper therefore reviews the economic background of Uganda; examines the trends and patterns of poverty; the government strategies to reduce poverty and concludes with challenges in sustaining the poverty reduction achievement and policy recommendations. Economic background Table 1. Sectoral contributions to GDP and Growth Rates in Uganda (from 2001-2010) As can be seen from table 1, Uganda remained high growth rate during the period from 2001-2009 with 7. 9 per cent in average before cool down by 5. per cent in 2010 and 4. 3 per cent in 2011 because of the reduce of demand from the main export markets of Uganda, especially the USA and European countries since the world recession.. In terms of structure, Ugandan economy has a moder n structure in which GDP is attributed largest from the services sector, follow by the industrial sector and least by the agricultural sector. However, in fact, agriculture is the main sector of the economy, employing over 82 per cent of the work force even it contributed only 22 per cent of GDP (2011).The budget deficit has improved by reducing gradually from 10. 2 per cent of GDP on average during 2000 – 2004 to 7. 9 per cent of GDP on average during 2005-2008 and reached 5. 9 per cent of GDP in 2011. Uganda remained high domestic investment rate at 23. 9 per cent of GDP, thus kept the national debt rate at a safety rate compare to other countries. However, after a decade remained one digit number of inflation, the consumer prices in the country became worse in 2011 at 18. 7 per cent in 2011.Economic development has been made as the most important priority of Ugandan government and the economic policy is focusing on the private sector, attracting foreign direct investment, improving access to world markets and on achieving relief from excessive debt. Therefore, it has adopted a number of policy initiatives to jump-start the economy, including the National Development Plan which is the master development plan; Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture, the Medium Term Competitiveness Strategy for the Private Sector, the Competitiveness and Investment Climate Strategy, the Poverty Eradication Action Plan among others.The trends and patterns of poverty in Uganda Table 2: Number and percent of Ugandans that are absolutely poor, insecure non-poor and middle class (from 1992-2010). Table 3: The characteristics of poor, insecure non-poor and middle-class households Table 4: Inequality based on the Gini coefficient (from 1992-2010). Source: UNHS various years and IHS 1992/3 Table 2 indicates that during the 1990s, the proportion of Ugandans whose incomes below the poverty line fell dramatically from 56. 4 per cent in 1992 to 33. 8 per cent in 2000.It meant th ere were 2. 5 million of Ugandan people escaped from absolute poverty within 8 years; they moved to the group of non – poor but insecure which increased significantly by 10. 5 per cent. During 1990s, the per cent of middle class in Uganda also rose sharply from 10. 2 per cent to 22. 4 per cent. The middle class own more household assets, are much more educated and spend more money in education rather than on food items like the poor. The key reason of these trends was increase in average income, rather than by redistribution in society.Income inequality was basically decreased from 1992 to 1997, but increased thereafter; the Gini coefficient was between 0. 37 and 0. 35 until 1997, but rose to 0. 39 in 2000. After 2000s, Uganda did not remain the success which was achieved in the previous decade, when the proportion of people lived with 1. 25$ a day rose by 5 per cent from 2000 to 2003, meanwhile the inequality also increased which measure by the GINI coefficient rose from 0. 365 in 1992 to 0. 428 in 2003, and in urban area the inequality was more clear and increased faster than rural area.The trends were mainly driven by the slowdown of the economic when the GDP growth rate dropped from 8. 5 per cent in 2001 to 6. 5 per cent in 2003 and the agriculture sector which employed majority of the workforce was disappointing when the growth rate fell dramatically by 5 per cent during that period, while the service sector decreased slightly and the industry sector even performed well (according to table 1). The slowdown in agriculture relative to other sectors tended to increase inequality in this period, both because the poor are concentrated in agriculture and the share f labor in the incomes of other sectors may be quite small. The reasons for the recent patterns include a slowdown in agricultural growth during the last three years, declines in farmers’ prices reflecting world market conditions, insecurity, high population growth rate and morbidity rel ated to HIV/AIDS. The trends of poverty in Uganda changed differently in the next period from 2002 to 2010 compare to the previous time; the poverty proportion fell sharply and surpassed the first goal of 2015 MDGs of halving the 56. per cent poverty rate recorded in 1992/1993 to 24. 5 per cent. Uganda became the first country in Sub- Saharan Africa countries achieved the first goal of MDGs before due date of 2015. However, together with this achievement, the inequality in the country rose which measured by the increase of GINI coefficient from 0. 408 in 2005 to 0. 426 in 2010. It seem easy to explain those two diverse trends because of the growth of economic also lead to the rising of income inequality even in the country who have good social welfare system.The middle class of the country also reached one third of the population in 2010 who was claimed that benefited from small business rather than agriculture sector. The emergence of the middle class will lead to greater spending power and, the ability to invest in the future represents an opportunity to accelerate the socioeconomic transformation process. However, the insecure non poor (42. 9 percent) are another group requiring specific attention, while the fight against absolute poverty continues for 24. percent of Ugandans. Ugandan government’s strategies to reduce poverty Uganda is among the very few countries which surpassed the MDGs before 2015, especially in Sub- Saharan region. As mentioned above, over the last 20 years, Ugandan government has implemented a number of policies to jump-start the economy and it has been worked well and lead to the relative high and sustained economic growth rate as well as eradicating significantly the poverty.Among those policies, there were two main programs geared towards reducing poverty which were the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Plan for the Modernization of Agriculture (PMA). First, the PEAP was adopted in 1997 as the framework for addressing t he key poverty challenges. The plan was made to range the public policies and interventions relevant to poverty reduction. It was highly participatory with the central and local government, the donors, non – government organizations, civil society and economic scholars.The plan was succeeded because it was implemented by the government’s budget and a medium – term spending framework. Right after the adoption of PEAP, the public expenditures on basic services were significantly increased in 1997. One part of Ugandan government’s budget for PEAP came from the assistance of World Bank and International Monetary Fund to help the low – incomes countries develop poverty reduction strategies. The PEAP was revised twice in 2000 and in 2005. The latest version was launched in 2005 which aimed at contributing towards transforming Uganda into a middle-income country.The PEAP was based on five pillars: (1) economic management: aims to sustained relative high g rowth rate by facilitate to investment; improve infrastructure; modernization and commercialization of agriculture, with emphasis on value-addition; improve rural access to finance and to strengthen SMEs; focus on HIV prevalence reduction; (2) Enhancing production, competitiveness and incomes; (3) Security, conflict-resolution and disaster management; (4) Good Governance; (5) human development to strengthen the human resources by improving education system and social health care system in order to improve sanitation, community mobilization, family planning and reduce malaria, HIV/AIDS; improve the water supply in urban and rural areas and increase the role of private sector.In implement of the PEAP, the central government was responsible for ensuring a basic framework of legality, rights and freedom, nondiscrimination among citizens and intervening in the economy to promote economic efficiency, equity and growth, meanwhile the private sector played the key and active role in investm ent; the private sector is responsible for the majority of productive investment and it supports public goods for altruistic, cultural or prestige reasons; civil society works free from the government to handle to advocacy for the interests of groups who might otherwise be neglected; support conflict resolution and finance service in sectors not covered by the government; and the donors plays important role in providing financing public expenditure. Second, Uganda’s Plan for Modernization of Agriculture, PMA, was issued in 2000, and it has been implemented since 2001. The PMA is an integral part of the strategies of the PEAP, and contributes directly to two of the four overarching PEAP goals: (1): rapid and sustainable economic growth and structural transformation, and (3): increased ability of the poor to raise their incomes. The PMA is a framework which sets out the strategic vision and principles upon which interventions to address poverty eradication through transformatio n of the agricultural sector can be developed.The vision of the PMA is poverty eradication through a profitable, competitive, sustainable and dynamic agricultural and agro-industrial sector. Rural poverty is seen to be best addressed through promoting the commercialization of agriculture, and in particular providing a coordinating framework for support services and public goods in rural areas. The PMA core document sets out these principles, but also identifies priorities for interventions and activities in the form of seven pillars, to be implemented by various government ministries and local government, and a non-sectoral conditional grant. The PMA identifies seven pillars where priority actions are recommended.These are: (1) research and technology, (2) national agricultural advisory services, (3) agricultural education, (4) improving access to rural finance, (5) agro-processing and marketing, (6) sustainable natural resource utilization and management and (7) physical infrastruc ture. These two above key programs succeeded in helping Uganda surpass the poverty reduction goal in MDGs. However, Uganda is still very poor country and is still faced with many challenges from internal as well as external factors. Thus, the Ugandan government has launched a new policy framework, the National Development Plan as a response to the success of the PEAP in poverty reduction.It continues the vision of poverty eradication and more focus on economic transformation, wealth creation and equally distribution; in order to transform Uganda society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years. Due to the limitation, this paper just analyzes the two main programs which helped reduce poverty from 56. 4 per cent in 1992 to 24. 5 in 2010 and briefly introduces the new strategies of Ugandan government in the next period. Conclusion and recommendations What Uganda economy has achieved is outstanding among Sub-Saharan Africa region, however, Uganda is still among the poorest countries in the world, the income per capital ranked 203 in 2011 and the inequality has been raising which means majority Ugandans still live in bad and vulnerable condition. 0% of the workforce is working in agricultural sector which contributed only 22% of GDP and the sector easily get negative impacts from climate conditions or the reduce term of trade. Therefore, the Ugandan government needs to take action to sustain the poverty reduction, create more equal opportunities for citizens and improve economic performance. The country could learn from experiences of South Korea, which experienced one of the most dramatic declines in absolute poverty that the world has seen. Compare to South Korea in 1960 when South Korea started its industrialization, Uganda economy at present is in a better status. At that time, South Korea was destroyed by the Korean War, high absolute poverty rate, in the 1950s the majority of Korean people lived in absolute poverty.Even as late as the mid-1960s, between 60-70 per cent of the population was estimated to be living in poverty. The area of Uganda is about 2. 4 times bigger than South Korea with relative rich natural resources. Moreover, the official language of Uganda is English which is very useful and easy to do business abroad. Thanks to the economic transformation, since early 1960s, Korea has been able to achieve rapid growth with equity, and by the mid-1990s, the absolute poverty had dramatically declined to levels as low as 3. 4 percent of the population. Indeed, by 1999, the Korean averages for poverty in single person households was comparable to other OECD countries.There are number of lessons that Uganda can learn from South Korea on its development path: fully utilize the foreign aid which highly supports government expenditure for education, improving health care system, infrastructure†¦; encourage domestic savings and private domestic investment; the government intervention needs to be active and relevant to create stable macroeconomic with a favorable environment for private investment; growth with job-creation, initially led by labor intensive export promotion; highly invest in developing human capital especially primary and secondary education for better – educated labor force; create favorable environment for foreign direct investment with careful collective technology which can spillover to help develop the domestic industry later on†¦ In brief, human capital and technology should be more focus to achieve growth in the long run.Being a latecomer, Uganda has chance to learn from successful economic development model, but the model should be modified to adapt the situation of the country and avoid failures of the early comers. References CIA World Fact book (2011), Uganda, https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug. html, accessed on 7th October. International Monetary Fund (2005), â€Å"Uganda- Poverty reduction strategy paper†, IMF country paper No 05/307. International Monetary Fund (2010), â€Å"Uganda- Poverty reduction strategy paper†, IMF country paper No 10/41. Government of the Republic of Uganda, â€Å"Plan for modernization of agriculture: eradicating poverty in Uganda†. Jeffrey Henderson, David Hulme, Richard Phillips, and Eun Mee Kim (2002), â€Å"Economic governance and poverty reduction in South Korea†.John Mackinnon, Ritva Reinikka (2000), â€Å"Lessons from Uganda on strategies to fight poverty†. Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (2012), Ugandan government, â€Å"Poverty status report†. The World Bank, â€Å"Uganda: Country at a glance†, http://www. worldbank. org/en/country/uganda, accessed on 7th October. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. The World Bank: http://www. worldbank. org/en/country/uganda. [ 2 ]. Ministry of Finance, Plan ning and Economic Development (2012), Ugandan government, â€Å"Poverty status report†. [ 3 ]. 4 CIA World Fact book 2011: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug. tml [ 5 ]. Uganda: Poverty reduction strategies paper, IMF country paper (2005). [ 6 ]. Uganda: Poverty reduction strategies paper, IMF country paper (2005). [ 7 ]. John Mackinnon, Ritva Reinikka (2000), â€Å"Lessons from Uganda on strategies to fight poverty†. [ 8 ]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (2005). [ 9 ]. Government of the Republic of Uganda, â€Å"Plan for modernization of agriculture: eradicating poverty in Uganda†. [ 10 ]. Uganda: Poverty reduction strategies paper, IMF country paper No 10/41 (2010). [ 11 ]. Jeffrey Henderson, David Hulme, Richard Phillips, and Eun Mee Kim (2002), â€Å"Economic governance and poverty reduction in South Korea†.

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